Compositions and methods for treating bone diseases and broken bones

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are methods of promoting osteogenesis in a subject, comprising administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one cationic steroid antimicrobial (CSA). Also disclosed herein are methods of promoting osteogenesis in a subject in need of such promotion, comprising administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one CSA. Additionally, disclosed herein are compounds and compositions comprising at least one CSA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of bone disease or the treatment of broken bones. Kits comprising such compositions and instructions on such methods are also contemplated herein.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/615,244, filed Sep. 13, 2012, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/534,185, filed Sep. 13, 2011, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Field

Cationic steroidal antimicrobials (“CSAs”) for treating certain diseases and/or promoting osteogenesis.

Description of the Related Art

Osteogenesis (or ossification) is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue: intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme); and endochondral ossification involves cartilage as a precursor. In fracture healing, endochondral osteogenesis is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long bones treated by plaster of Paris, whereas fractures treated by open reduction and stabilization by metal plate and screws may heal by intramembranous osteogenesis.

The exact mechanisms by which bone development is triggered remains unclear, but it involves growth factors and cytokines in some way. Therefore, a need exists to develop compositions and methods to enhance bone growth for the treatment of bone diseases and broken bones.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are methods of promoting osteogenesis in a subject, comprising administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one cationic steroid antimicrobial (CSA). We have discovered that CSAs have hithertofore unappreciated activity in affecting several genes and biological pathways and mechanisms that promote bone formation and bone healing. We demonstrate new bone formation as a result of CSA administration. Also disclosed herein are methods of promoting osteogenesis in a subject in need of such promotion, comprising administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one CSA. Additionally, disclosed herein are compounds and compositions comprising at least one CSA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of bone disease or the treatment of broken bones. Kits comprising such compositions and instructions on such methods are also contemplated herein.

Some embodiments provide for a composition, comprising at least one cationic steroid antimicrobial (CSA), or a pharmaceutically acceptable sat thereof, for use in the treatment of bone disease or treatment of a broken bone. Other embodiments provide for a method of promoting osteogenesis in a subject in need of treatment for a bone disease or healing a broken bone, comprising identifying a subject in need of treatment for a bone disease or healing a broken bone and administering at least one cationic steroid antimicrobial (CSA), or a pharmaceutically acceptable sat thereof. In some embodiments, the use of the compositions and/or methods further comprises administering at least one growth factor. In some embodiments, the use of the compositions and/or methods further comprises administering an antimicrobial agent to treat or prevent infection. In some embodiments, the CSA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, treats the bone disease or heals the broken bone and treats or prevent infection.

In some embodiments, the use of the compositions and/or methods comprises administering the CSA from a pharmaceutically acceptable device such as bandages, surgical dressings, gauzes, adhesive strips, surgical staples, clips, hemostats, intrauterine devices, sutures, trocars, catheters, tubes, and implants. In some embodiments, examples of implants include pills, pellets, rods, screws, wafers, discs, sponges, and tablets. In some embodiments, the sponge is an absorbable collagen sponge.

In some embodiments, the bone diseases include bone resorption, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteitis fibrosa cystica, osteochondritis dissecans, osteomalacia, osteomyelitis, osteoblastogenesis, osteopenia, osteonecrosis, and porotic hyperostosis. In some embodiments, the bone disease is not an infection. In some embodiments, the broken bone results from a traumatic fracture; a critical sized bone defect; distraction osteogenesis; spine fusion surgery; joint replacement; an orthopaedic implant; or a biopsy.

In some embodiments, the CSA is a compound of Formula (V) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

In some embodiments, the CSA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is selected from the compound of Formula (I):

In some embodiments, the CSA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is selected from the compound of Formula (Ia):

In some embodiments rings A, B, C, and D are independently saturated, or are fully or partially unsaturated, provided that at least two of rings A, B, C, and D are saturated; m, n, p, and q are independently 0 or 1; R₁ through R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted hydroxyalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyloxyalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylcarboxyalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylaminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylaminoalkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylaminoalkylaminoalkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted arylaminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, oxo, a linking group attached to a second steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyloxyalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylcarboxamido, a substituted or unsubstituted di(alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxyalkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, a substituted or unsubstituted azidoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, a substituted or unsubstituted guanidinoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and a substituted or unsubstituted guanidinoalkyl carboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of any amino acid (including a side chain of glycine, i.e., H), and P.G. is an amino protecting group; and R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, R₁₄ and R₁₇ are independently deleted when one of rings A, B, C, or D is unsaturated so as to complete the valency of the carbon atom at that site, or R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted hydroxyalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyloxyalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, oxo, a linking group attached to a second steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted di(alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxyalkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, azidoalkyloxy, cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, guanidinoalkyloxy, and guanidinoalkylcarboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of any amino acid, P.G. is an amino protecting group, provided that at least two or three of R₁₋₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylcarboxyalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylaminoalkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylaminoalkylaminoalkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted arylaminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyloxyaminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylcarboxyamido, a quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted di(alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxyalkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, azidoalkyloxy, cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, a substituted or unsubstituted guanidinoalkyloxy, and a substituted or unsubstituted guanidinoalkylcarboxy.

In some embodiments, R₁ through R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) haloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, oxo, a linking group attached to a second steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, a substituted or unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) azidoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyl carboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of any amino acid (including a side chain of glycine, i.e., H), and P.G. is an amino protecting group; R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, R₁₄ and R₁₇ are independently deleted when one of rings A, B, C, or D is unsaturated so as to complete the valency of the carbon atom at that site, or R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) haloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, oxo, a linking group attached to a second steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) azidoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, and (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkylcarboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of any amino acid, and P.G. is an amino protecting group; provided that at least two or three of R₁₋₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted arylamino (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxyamido, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) azidoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q5)-C(O)—O—, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, and a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkylcarboxy.

In some embodiments, R₁ through R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, an unsubstituted aryl, an unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, oxo, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, an unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyl carboxy; R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, R₁₄ and R₁₇ are independently deleted when one of rings A, B, C, or D is unsaturated so as to complete the valency of the carbon atom at that site, or R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, an unsubstituted aryl, an unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, oxo, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, an unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyl carboxy; provided that at least two or three of R₁₋₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, an unsubstituted aryl, an unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, oxo, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, an unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyl carboxy.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, R₁₂, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, an unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, an unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyl carboxy; and R₁, R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and unsubstituted (C₁-C₆) alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, R₁₂, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₅)alkyl, (C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₅) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₅) alkylamino, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) aminoalkyl, an unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkyloxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkylcarboxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkylcarboxamido, an unsubstituted di(C₁-C₅ alkyl)amino-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₅)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) guanidinoalkylcarboxy;

In some embodiments, R₁, R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₈, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₄, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are each hydrogen; and R₉ and R₁₃ are each methyl.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, R₁₂, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoalkyloxy; aminoalkylcarboxy; alkylaminoalkyl; alkoxycarbonylalkyl; alkylcarbonylalkyl; di(alkyl)aminoalkyl; C-carboxyalkyl; alkoxycarbonylalkyl; and alkylcarboxyalkyl.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoalkyloxy and aminoalkylcarboxy; and R₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of alkylaminoalkyl; alkoxycarbonylalkyl; alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl; di(alkyl)aminoalkyl; C-carboxyalkyl; alkylaminoalkyl; alkyoxycarbonylalkyl; and alkylcarboxyalkyl.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are the same. In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are aminoalkyloxy. In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are aminoalkylcarboxy.

In some embodiments, R₁₈ is alkylaminoalkyl. In some embodiments, alkoxycarbonylalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is di(alkyl)aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is alkylcarboxyalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is C-carboxyalkyl.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, R₁₂, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of amino-C₃-alkyloxy; amino-C₃-alkyl-carboxy; C₈-alkylamino-C₅-alkyl; C₈-alkoxy-carbonyl-C₄-alkyl; C₈-alkyl-carbonyl-C₄-alkyl; di-(C₅-alkyl)amino-C₅-alkyl; C-carboxy-C₄-alkyl; C₁₃-alkylamino-C₅-alkyl; C₆-alkoxy-carbonyl-C₄-alkyl; and C₆-alkyl-carboxy-C₄-alkyl.

In some embodiments, the CSA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is:

In some embodiments, the CSA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride salt. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a tri-hydrochloride salt.

Additional features and advantages will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the embodiments disclosed herein. The objects and advantages of the embodiments disclosed herein will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing brief summary and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the embodiments disclosed herein or as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: BMP up-regulation in hMSC cells treated with CSA after 8 hours dosing.

FIG. 2: Triplicate testing of BMP up-regulation in hMSC treated with CSA after 8 hours dosing.

FIG. 3: BMP up-regulation in hMSC treated with CSAs 8, 13, 44, 54, 90, 92, 97, and 98 (Groups 1-8, respectively) after 8 hours dosing.

FIG. 4: MC3T3-E1 cells treated with or without rhBMP-2, 0-50 μM CSA-90, and with or without sodium alginate.

FIG. 5: X-ray analysis of mice quadriceps treated with rhBMP-2 and/or CSA-90.

FIG. 6: Bone volume increase resulting from treatment with rhBMP-2 and/or CSA-90.

FIG. 7: microCT scan for CSA-90 delivered in a muscle pouch model.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The embodiments disclosed herein will now be described by reference to some more detailed embodiments, with occasional reference to the accompanying drawings. These embodiments may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the embodiments to those skilled in the art.

DEFINITIONS

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which these embodiments belong. The terminology used in the description herein is for describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the embodiments. As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Terms and phrases used in this application, and variations thereof, especially in the appended claims, unless otherwise expressly stated, should be construed as open ended as opposed to limiting. As examples of the foregoing, the term ‘including’ should be read to mean ‘including, without limitation,’ ‘including but not limited to,’ or the like; the term ‘comprising’ as used herein is synonymous with ‘including,’ ‘containing,’ or ‘characterized by,’ and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps; the term ‘having’ should be interpreted as ‘having at least;’ the term ‘includes’ should be interpreted as ‘includes but is not limited to;’ the term ‘example’ is used to provide exemplary instances of the item in discussion, not an exhaustive or limiting list thereof; and use of terms like ‘preferably,’ ‘preferred,’ ‘desired,’ or ‘desirable,’ and words of similar meaning should not be understood as implying that certain features are critical, essential, or even important to the structure or function of the invention, but instead as merely intended to highlight alternative or additional features that may or may not be utilized in a particular embodiment. In addition, the term “comprising” is to be interpreted synonymously with the phrases “having at least” or “including at least”. When used in the context of a process, the term “comprising” means that the process includes at least the recited steps, but may include additional steps. When used in the context of a compound, composition or device, the term “comprising” means that the compound, composition or device includes at least the recited features or components, but may also include additional features or components. Likewise, a group of items linked with the conjunction ‘and’ should not be read as requiring that each and every one of those items be present in the grouping, but rather should be read as ‘and/or’ unless expressly stated otherwise. Similarly, a group of items linked with the conjunction ‘or’ should not be read as requiring mutual exclusivity among that group, but rather should be read as ‘and/or’ unless expressly stated otherwise.

It is understood that, in any compound described herein having one or more chiral centers, if an absolute stereochemistry is not expressly indicated, then each center may independently be of R-configuration or S-configuration or a mixture thereof. Thus, the compounds provided herein may be enantiomerically pure, enantiomerically enriched, racemic mixture, diastereomerically pure, diastereomerically enriched, or a stereoisomeric mixture. In addition it is understood that, in any compound described herein having one or more double bond(s) generating geometrical isomers that can be defined as E or Z, each double bond may independently be E or Z a mixture thereof.

Likewise, it is understood that, in any compound described, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included.

It is to be understood that where compounds disclosed herein have unfilled valencies, then the valencies are to be filled with hydrogens or isotopes thereof, e.g., hydrogen-1 (protium) and hydrogen-2 (deuterium).

It is understood that the compounds described herein can be labeled isotopically. Substitution with isotopes such as deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. Each chemical element as represented in a compound structure may include any isotope of said element. For example, in a compound structure a hydrogen atom may be explicitly disclosed or understood to be present in the compound. At any position of the compound that a hydrogen atom may be present, the hydrogen atom can be any isotope of hydrogen, including but not limited to hydrogen-1 (protium) and hydrogen-2 (deuterium). Thus, reference herein to a compound encompasses all potential isotopic forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

It is understood that the methods and combinations described herein include crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs, which include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound), amorphous phases, salts, solvates, and hydrates. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, or the like.

In other embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in unsolvated form. Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may be formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, or the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. In addition, the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present embodiments. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should be construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding approaches.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the embodiments are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. Every numerical range given throughout this specification and claims will include every narrower numerical range that falls within such broader numerical range, as if such narrower numerical ranges were all expressly written herein. Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that the upper and lower limit, and each intervening value between the upper and lower limit of the range is encompassed within the embodiments.

As used herein, any “R” group(s) such as, without limitation, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, and R¹⁸ represent substituents that can be attached to the indicated atom. Unless otherwise specified, an R group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

A “ring” as used herein can be heterocyclic or carbocyclic. The term “saturated” used herein refers to a ring having each atom in the ring either hydrogenated or substituted such that the valency of each atom is filled. The term “unsaturated” used herein refers to a ring where the valency of each atom of the ring may not be filled with hydrogen or other substituents. For example, adjacent carbon atoms in the fused ring can be doubly bound to each other. Unsaturation can also include deleting at least one of the following pairs and completing the valency of the ring carbon atoms at these deleted positions with a double bond; such as R₅ and R₉ R₈ and R₁₀; and R₁₃ and R₁₄.

Whenever a group is described as being “substituted” that group may be substituted with one, two, three or more of the indicated substituents, which may be the same or different, each replacing a hydrogen atom. If no substituents are indicated, it is meant that the indicated “substituted” group may be substituted with one or more group(s) individually and independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, acylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, amino acid, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, (heteroalicyclyl)alkyl, hydroxy, protected hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, cyano, halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, and I), thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, protected C-carboxy, O-carboxy, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, oxo, silyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, trihalomethanesulfonyl, trihalomethanesulfonamido, an amino, a mono-substituted amino group and a di-substituted amino group, R^(a)O(CH₂)_(m)O—, R^(b)(CH₂)_(n)O—, R^(c)C(O)O(CH₂)_(p)O—, and protected derivatives thereof. The substituent may be attached to the group at more than one attachment point. For example, an aryl group may be substituted with a heteroaryl group at two attachment points to form a fused multicyclic aromatic ring system. Biphenyl and naphthalene are two examples of an aryl group that is substituted with a second aryl group.

As used herein, “C_(a)” or “C_(a) to C_(b)” in which “a” and “b” are integers refer to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group, or the number of carbon atoms in the ring of a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heteroalicyclyl group. That is, the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ring of the cycloalkyl, ring of the cycloalkenyl, ring of the cycloalkynyl, ring of the aryl, ring of the heteroaryl or ring of the heteroalicyclyl can contain from “a” to “b”, inclusive, carbon atoms. Thus, for example, a “C₁ to C₄ alkyl” group refers to all alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbons, that is, CH₃—, CH₃CH₂—, CH₃CH₂CH₂—, (CH₃)₂CH—, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂—, CH₃CH₂CH(CH₃)— and (CH₃)₃C—. If no “a” and “b” are designated with regard to an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heteroalicyclyl group, the broadest range described in these definitions is to be assumed.

As used herein, “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain that comprises a fully saturated (no double or triple bonds) hydrocarbon group. The alkyl group may have 1 to 25 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 25” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “1 to 25 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 25 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated). The alkyl group may also be a medium size alkyl having 1 to 15 carbon atoms. The alkyl group could also be a lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The alkyl group of the compounds may be designated as “C₄” or “C₁-C₄ alkyl” or similar designations. By way of example only, “C₁-C₄ alkyl” indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, i.e., the alkyl chain is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl. Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl and hexyl. The alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to an alkyl group that contains in the straight or branched hydrocarbon chain one or more double bonds. The alkenyl group may have 2 to 25 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “2 to 25” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “2 to 25 carbon atoms” means that the alkenyl group may consist of 2 carbon atom, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 25 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkenyl” where no numerical range is designated). The alkenyl group may also be a medium size alkenyl having 2 to 15 carbon atoms. The alkenyl group could also be a lower alkenyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The alkenyl group of the compounds may be designated as “C₄” or “C₂-C₄ alkyl” or similar designations. An alkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.

As used herein, “alkynyl” refers to an alkyl group that contains in the straight or branched hydrocarbon chain one or more triple bonds. The alkynyl group may have 2 to 25 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “2 to 25” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “2 to 25 carbon atoms” means that the alkynyl group may consist of 2 carbon atom, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 25 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkynyl” where no numerical range is designated). The alkynyl group may also be a medium size alkynyl having 2 to 15 carbon atoms. The alkynyl group could also be a lower alkynyl having 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The alkynyl group of the compounds may be designated as “C₄” or “C₂-C₄ alkyl” or similar designations. An alkynyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.

As used herein, “aryl” refers to a carbocyclic (all carbon) monocyclic or multicyclic aromatic ring system (including fused ring systems where two carbocyclic rings share a chemical bond) that has a fully delocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings. The number of carbon atoms in an aryl group can vary. For example, the aryl group can be a C₆-C₁₄ aryl group, a C₆-C₁₀ aryl group, or a C₆ aryl group (although the definition of C₆-C₁₀ aryl covers the occurrence of “aryl” when no numerical range is designated). Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzene, naphthalene and azulene. An aryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, “aralkyl” and “aryl(alkyl)” refer to an aryl group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. The aralkyl group may have 6 to 20 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “6 to 20” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “6 to 20 carbon atoms” means that the aralkyl group may consist of 6 carbon atom, 7 carbon atoms, 8 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 20 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “aralkyl” where no numerical range is designated). The lower alkylene and aryl group of an aralkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited to benzyl, 2-phenylalkyl, 3-phenylalkyl, and naphthylalkyl.

“Lower alkylene groups” refer to a C₁-C₂₅ straight-chained alkyl tethering groups, such as —CH₂— tethering groups, forming bonds to connect molecular fragments via their terminal carbon atoms. Examples include but are not limited to methylene (—CH₂—), ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—), propylene (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), and butylene (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—). A lower alkylene group can be substituted by replacing one or more hydrogen of the lower alkylene group with a substituent(s) listed under the definition of “substituted.”

As used herein, “cycloalkyl” refers to a completely saturated (no double or triple bonds) mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system. When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in a fused fashion. Cycloalkyl groups can contain 3 to 10 atoms in the ring(s) or 3 to 8 atoms in the ring(s). A cycloalkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted. Typical cycloalkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.

As used herein, “cycloalkenyl” refers to a mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system that contains one or more double bonds in at least one ring; although, if there is more than one, the double bonds cannot form a fully delocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings (otherwise the group would be “aryl,” as defined herein). When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be connected together in a fused fashion. A cycloalkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.

As used herein, “cycloalkynyl” refers to a mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system that contains one or more triple bonds in at least one ring. If there is more than one triple bond, the triple bonds cannot form a fully delocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings. When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in a fused fashion. A cycloalkynyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.

As used herein, “alkoxy” or “alkyloxy” refers to the formula —OR wherein R is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl or a cycloalkynyl as defined above. A non-limiting list of alkoxys are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, 1-methylethoxy (isopropoxy), n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy and tert-butoxy. An alkoxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, “acyl” refers to a hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl connected, as substituents, via a carbonyl group. Examples include formyl, acetyl, propanoyl, benzoyl, and acryl. An acyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, “alkoxyalkyl” or “alkyloxyalkyl” refers to an alkoxy group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. Examples include alkyl-O-alkyl- and alkoxy-alkyl with the terms alkyl and alkoxy defined herein.

As used herein, “hydroxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a hydroxy group. Exemplary hydroxyalkyl groups include but are not limited to, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, and 2,2-dihydroxyethyl. A hydroxyalkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen (e.g., mono-haloalkyl, di-haloalkyl and tri-haloalkyl). Such groups include but are not limited to, chloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and 1-chloro-2-fluoromethyl, 2-fluoroisobutyl. A haloalkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

The term “amino” as used herein refers to a —NH₂ group.

As used herein, the term “hydroxy” refers to a —OH group.

A “cyano” group refers to a “—CN” group.

A “carbonyl” or an “oxo” group refers to a C═O group.

The term “azido” as used herein refers to a —N₃ group.

As used herein, “aminoalkyl” refers to an amino group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. Examples include H₂N-alkyl- with the term alkyl defined herein.

As used herein, “alkylcarboxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group connected, as a substituent, to a carboxy group that is connected, as a substituent, to an alkyl group. Examples include alkyl-C(═O)O-alkyl- and alkyl-O—C(═O)-alkyl- with the term alkyl as defined herein.

As used herein, “C-carboxyalkyl” refers to a carboxy group connected, as a substituent, to an alkyl group. Examples include HO—(C═O)-alkyl, with the term alkyl as defined herein.

As used herein, “alkylaminoalkyl” refers to an alkyl group connected, as a substituent, to an amino group that is connected, as a substituent, to an alkyl group. Examples include alkyl-NH-alkyl-, with the term alkyl as defined herein.

As used herein, “dialkylaminoalkyl” or “di(alkyl)aminoalkyl” refers to two alkyl groups connected, each as a substituent, to an amino group that is connected, as a substituent, to an alkyl group. Examples include

with the term alkyl as defined herein.

As used herein, “alkylaminoalkylamino” refers to an alkyl group connected, as a substituent, to an amino group that is connected, as a substituent, to an alkyl group that is connected, as a substituent, to an amino group. Examples include alkyl-NH-alkyl-NH—, with the term alkyl as defined herein.

As used herein, “alkylaminoalkylaminoalkylamino” refers to an alkyl group connected, as a substituent, to an amino group that is connected, as a substituent, to an alkyl group that is connected, as a substituent, to an amino group that is connected, as a substituent, to an alkyl group. Examples include alkyl-NH-alkyl-NH-alkyl-, with the term alkyl as defined herein.

As used herein, “arylaminoalkyl” refers to an aryl group connected, as a substituent, to an amino group that is connected, as a substituent, to an alkyl group. Examples include aryl-NH-alkyl-, with the terms aryl and alkyl as defined herein.

As used herein, “aminoalkyloxy” refers to an amino group connected, as a substituent, to an alkyloxy group. Examples include H₂N-alkyl-O— and H₂N-alkoxy- with the terms alkyl and alkoxy as defined herein.

As used herein, “aminoalkyloxyalkyl” refers to an amino group connected, as a substituent, to an alkyloxy group connected, as a substituent, to an alkyl group. Examples include H₂N-alkyl-O-alkyl- and H₂N-alkoxy-alkyl- with the terms alkyl and alkoxy as defined herein.

As used herein, “aminoalkylcarboxy” refers to an amino group connected, as a substituent, to an alkyl group connected, as a substituent, to a carboxy group. Examples include H₂N-alkyl-C(═O)O— and H₂N-alkyl-O—C(═O)— with the term alkyl as defined herein.

As used herein, “aminoalkylaminocarbonyl” refers to an amino group connected, as a substituent, to an alkyl group connected, as a substituent, to an amino group connected, as a substituent, to a carbonyl group. Examples include H₂N-alkyl-NH—C(═O)— with the term alkyl as defined herein.

As used herein, “aminoalkylcarboxamido” refers to an amino group connected, as a substituent, to an alkyl group connected, as a substituent, to a carbonyl group connected, as a substituent to an amino group. Examples include H₂N-alkyl-C(═O)—NH— with the term alkyl as defined herein.

As used herein, “azidoalkyloxy” refers to an azido group connected as a substituent, to an alkyloxy group. Examples include N₃-alkyl-O— and N₃-alkoxy- with the terms alkyl and alkoxy as defined herein.

As used herein, “cyanoalkyloxy” refers to a cyano group connected as a substituent, to an alkyloxy group. Examples include NC-alkyl-O— and NC-alkoxy- with the terms alkyl and alkoxy as defined herein.

As used herein, “guanidinoalkyloxy” refers to a guanidinyl group connected, as a substituent, to an alkyloxy group. Examples include

with the terms alkyl and alkoxy as defined herein.

As used herein, “guanidinoalkylcarboxy” refers to a guanidinyl group connected, as a substituent, to an alkyl group connected, as a substituent, to a carboxy group. Examples include

with the term alkyl as defined herein.

As used herein, “quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy” refers to a quaternized amino group connected, as a substituent, to an alkyl group connected, as a substituent, to a carboxy group. Examples include

with the term alkyl as defined herein.

The term “halogen atom” or “halogen” as used herein, means any one of the radio-stable atoms of column 7 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, such as, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

Where the numbers of substituents is not specified (e.g. haloalkyl), there may be one or more substituents present. For example “haloalkyl” may include one or more of the same or different halogens.

As used herein, the term “amino acid” refers to any amino acid (both standard and non-standard amino acids), including, but not limited to, α-amino acids, β-amino acids, γ-amino acids and δ-amino acids. Examples of suitable amino acids include, but are not limited to, alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. Additional examples of suitable amino acids include, but are not limited to, ornithine, hypusine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, dehydroalanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, beta-alanine, alpha-ethyl-glycine, alpha-propyl-glycine and norleucine.

A linking group is a divalent moiety used to link one steroid to another steroid. In some embodiments, the linking group is used to link a first CSA with a second CSA (which may be the same or different). An example of a linking group is (C₁-C₁₀) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl.

The terms “P.G.” or “protecting group” or “protecting groups” as used herein refer to any atom or group of atoms that is added to a molecule in order to prevent existing groups in the molecule from undergoing unwanted chemical reactions. Examples of protecting group moieties are described in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3. Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1999, and in J. F. W. McOmie, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry Plenum Press, 1973, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference for the limited purpose of disclosing suitable protecting groups. The protecting group moiety may be chosen in such a way, that they are stable to certain reaction conditions and readily removed at a convenient stage using methodology known from the art. A non-limiting list of protecting groups include benzyl; substituted benzyl; alkylcarbonyls and alkoxycarbonyls (e.g., t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), acetyl, or isobutyryl); arylalkylcarbonyls and arylalkoxycarbonyls (e.g., benzyloxycarbonyl); substituted methyl ether (e.g. methoxymethyl ether); substituted ethyl ether; a substituted benzyl ether; tetrahydropyranyl ether; silyls (e.g., trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, tri-iso-propylsilyloxymethyl, [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl or t-butyldiphenylsilyl); esters (e.g. benzoate ester); carbonates (e.g. methoxymethylcarbonate); sulfonates (e.g. tosylate or mesylate); acyclic ketal (e.g. dimethyl acetal); cyclic ketals (e.g., 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolanes, and those described herein); acyclic acetal; cyclic acetal (e.g., those described herein); acyclic hemiacetal; cyclic hemiacetal; cyclic dithioketals (e.g., 1,3-dithiane or 1,3-dithiolane); orthoesters (e.g., those described herein) and triarylmethyl groups (e.g., trityl; monomethoxytrityl (MMTr); 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl (DMTr); 4,4′,4″-trimethoxytrityl (TMTr); and those described herein). Amino-protecting groups are known to those skilled in the art. In general, the species of protecting group is not critical, provided that it is stable to the conditions of any subsequent reaction(s) on other positions of the compound and can be removed at the appropriate point without adversely affecting the remainder of the molecule. In addition, a protecting group may be substituted for another after substantive synthetic transformations are complete. Clearly, where a compound differs from a compound disclosed herein only in that one or more protecting groups of the disclosed compound has been substituted with a different protecting group, that compound is within the disclosure.

Compounds and Compositions:

Compounds useful in accordance with this disclosure are described herein, both generically and with particularity, and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,350,738, 6,486,148, 6,767,904, 7,598,234, and 7,754,705, which are incorporated herein by reference. Compounds include steroid derivatives, such as cationic steroid antimicrobials (“CSAs”) that exhibit one or more osteogenesis activities or functions. The skilled artisan will recognize the compounds within the generic formula set forth herein. Additional compounds of the disclosure having one or more osteogenesis activities or functions are described and can be characterized using the assays set forth herein and in the art.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a compound selected from Formula (V) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing and can have the structure:

wherein rings A, B, C, and D are independently saturated, or are fully or partially unsaturated, provided that at least two of rings A, B, C, and D are saturated; m, n, p, and q are independently 0 or 1; R₁ through R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted hydroxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyloxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylcarboxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaminoalkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaminoalkylaminoalkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted arylaminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, oxo, a linking group attached to a second steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyloxyalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylcarboxamido, a substituted or unsubstituted di(alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxyalkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, substituted or unsubstituted azidoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, substituted or unsubstituted guanidinoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and substituted or unsubstituted guanidinoalkyl carboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of any amino acid (including a side chain of glycine, i.e., H), and P.G. is an amino protecting group; and R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, R₁₄ and R₁₇ are independently deleted when one of rings A, B, C, or D is unsaturated so as to complete the valency of the carbon atom at that site, or R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted hydroxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyloxyalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, oxo, a linking group attached to a second steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted di(alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxyalkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, substituted or unsubstituted azidoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, substituted or unsubstituted guanidinoalkyloxy, and substituted or unsubstituted guanidinoalkylcarboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of any amino acid, P.G. is an amino protecting group; provided that at least two or three of R₁₋₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkylcarboxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaminoalkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaminoalkylaminoalkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted arylaminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkyloxyaminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aminoalkylcarboxyamido, a substituted or unsubstituted quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted di(alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxyalkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, substituted or unsubstituted azidoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q5)-C(O)—O—, substituted or unsubstituted guanidinoalkyloxy, and a substituted or unsubstituted guanidinoalkylcarboxy.

In some embodiments, R₁ through R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, oxo, a linking group attached to a second steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, a substituted or unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) azidoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyl carboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of any amino acid (including a side chain of glycine, i.e., H), and P.G. is an amino protecting group; and R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, R₁₄ and R₁₇ are independently deleted when one of rings A, B, C, or D is unsaturated so as to complete the valency of the carbon atom at that site, or R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, oxo, a linking group attached to a second steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) azidoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, and substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkylcarboxy, where Q5 is a side chain of any amino acid, and P.G. is an amino protecting group; provided that at least two or three of R₁₋₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted arylamino (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxyamido, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, substituted or unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) azidoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, and a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkylcarboxy.

In some embodiments, R₁ through R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, an unsubstituted aryl, an unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, oxo, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, an unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyl carboxy; and R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, R₁₄ and R₁₇ are independently deleted when one of rings A, B, C, or D is unsaturated so as to complete the valency of the carbon atom at that site, or R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, an unsubstituted aryl, an unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, oxo, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, an unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyl carboxy; provided that at least two or three of R₁₋₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, an unsubstituted aryl, an unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, oxo, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, an unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyl carboxy.

In some embodiments, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of Formula (V) can be also represented by Formula (I):

where substituents are as defined herein.

In some embodiments, rings A, B, C, and D are independently saturated.

In some embodiments, one or more of rings A, B, C, and D are heterocyclic.

In some embodiments, rings A, B, C, and D are non-heterocyclic.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, R₁₂, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, an unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, an unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyl carboxy; and R₁, R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and unsubstituted (C₁-C₆) alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, R₁₂, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₅)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₅) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₅) alkylamino, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) aminoalkyl, an unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkyloxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkylcarboxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkylcarboxamido, an unsubstituted di(C₁-C₅ alkyl)amino-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₅)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) guanidinoalkylcarboxy;

In some embodiments, R₁, R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₈, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₄, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are each hydrogen; and R₉ and R₁₃ are each methyl.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, R₁₂, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoalkyloxy; aminoalkylcarboxy; alkylaminoalkyl; alkoxycarbonylalkyl; alkylcarbonylalkyl; di(alkyl)aminoalkyl; C-carboxyalkyl; alkoxycarbonylalkyl; and alkylcarboxyalkyl.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoalkyloxy and aminoalkylcarboxy; and R₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of alkylaminoalkyl; alkoxycarbonylalkyl; alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl; di(alkyl)aminoalkyl; C-carboxyalkyl; alkylaminoalkyl; alkyoxycarbonylalkyl; and alkylcarboxyalkyl.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are the same.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are aminoalkyloxy.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are aminoalkylcarboxy.

In some embodiments, R₁₈ is alkylaminoalkyl.

In some embodiments, R₁₈ is alkoxycarbonylalkyl.

In some embodiments, R₁₈ is di(alkyl)aminoalkyl.

In some embodiments, R₁₈ is alkylcarboxyalkyl.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, R₁₂, and R₁₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of amino-C₃-alkyloxy; amino-C₃-alkyl-carboxy; C₈-alkylamino-C₅-alkyl; C₈-alkoxy-carbonyl-C₄-alkyl; C₈-alkyl-carbonyl-C₄-alkyl; di-(C₅-alkyl)amino-C₅-alkyl; C-carboxy-C₄-alkyl; C₁₃-alkylamino-C₅-alkyl; C₆-alkoxy-carbonyl-C₄-alkyl; and C₆-alkyl-carboxy-C₄-alkyl.

In some embodiments, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of Formula (V) can be also represented by Formula (Ia):

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₂₂) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₂₂) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) alkylamino-(C₁-C₂₂)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) alkylamino-(C₁-C₂₂) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) alkylamino-(C₁-C₂₂) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) aminoalkyl, an unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₂₂) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) aminoalkyloxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₂₂) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) aminoalkylcarboxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) aminoalkylcarboxamido, an unsubstituted di(C₁-C₂₂ alkyl)aminoalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) guanidinoalkyl carboxy.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₅)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₅) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₅) alkylamino, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) aminoalkyl, an unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkyloxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkylcarboxy, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, an unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkylcarboxamido, an unsubstituted di(C₁-C₅ alkyl)amino-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) guanidinoalkylcarboxy.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoalkyloxy; aminoalkylcarboxy; alkylaminoalkyl; alkoxycarbonylalkyl; alkylcarbonylalkyl; di(alkyl)aminoalkyl; alkylcarboxyalkyl; and hydroxyalkyl.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoalkyloxy and aminoalkylcarboxy.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are the same. In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are aminoalkyloxy. In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are aminoalkylcarboxy.

In some embodiments, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of amino-C₃-alkyloxy; amino-C₃-alkyl-carboxy; C₈-alkylamino-C₅-alkyl; C₈-alkoxy-carbonyl-C₄-alkyl; C₈-alkyl-carbonyl-C₄-alkyl; di-(C₅-alkyl)amino-C₅-alkyl; C₁₃-alkylamino-C₅-alkyl; C₆-alkoxy-carbonyl-C₄-alkyl; C₆-alkyl-carboxy-C₄-alkyl; and C₁₆-alkylamino-C₅-alkyl.

In some embodiments, CSA compounds as disclosed herein can be a compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or salts thereof wherein at least R₁₈ of the steroidal backbone includes amide functionality in which the carbonyl group of the amide is positioned between the amido nitrogen of the amide and fused ring D of the steroidal backbone. For example, any of the embodiments described above can substitute R₁₈ for an R₁₈ including amide functionality in which the carbonyl group of the amide is positioned between the amido nitrogen of the amide and fused ring D of the steroidal backbone.

In some embodiments, at least R₁₈ can have the following structure: —R₂₀—(C═O)—N—R₂₁R₂₂ wherein R₂₀ is omitted or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl, and R₂₁ and R₂₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl, provided that at least one of R₂₁ and R₂₂ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R₂₁ and R₂₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, C₆ or C₁₀ aryl, 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 10 membered heterocyclyl, C₇₋₁₃ aralkyl, (5 to 10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, C₄₋₁₀ (carbocyclyl)alkyl, (5 to 10 membered heterocyclyl)-C₁-C₆ alkyl, amido, and a suitable amine protecting group, provided that at least one of R₂₁ and R₂₂ is not hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂₁ and R₂₂, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 5 to 10 membered heterocyclyl ring.

In some embodiments, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of Formula (Ia) are selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of Formula (Ia) is

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride salt.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a tri-hydrochloride salt.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) are represented as follows:

wherein fused rings A, B, C, and D are independently saturated or fully or partially unsaturated; and each of R₁ through R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) hydroxyalkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino, (C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, oxo, a linking group attached to a second steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylcarboxamido, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, (C₁-C₁₀) azidoalkyloxy, (C₁-C₁₀) cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, (C₁-C₁₀) guanidinoalkyloxy, (C₁-C₁₀) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and (C₁-C₁₀) guanidinoalkyl carboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of any amino acid (including the side chain of glycine, i.e., H), PG. is an amino protecting group, and R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, and R₁₄ is each independently: deleted when one of fused rings A, B, C, or D is unsaturated so as to complete the valency of the carbon atom at that site, or selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, 10 a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) hydroxyalkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, oxo, a linking group attached to a second steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, H2N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, (C₁-C₁₀) azidoalkyloxy, (C₁-C₁₀) cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, (C₁-C₁₀) guanidinoalkyloxy, and (C₁-C₁₀) guanidinoalkylcarboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of any amino acid, PG. is an amino protecting group, and provided that at least two of R₁ through R₁₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyloxy, (C₁-C₁₀) alkylcarboxy-(\C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino, (C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted arylamino(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₁₀) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H2N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, (C₁-C₁₀) azidoalkyloxy, (C₁-C₁₀) cyanoalkyloxy, PG.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, (C₁-C₁₀) guanidinoalkyloxy, and (C₁-C₁₀) guanidinoalkylcarboxy; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, compounds comprise a ring system of at least 4 fused rings, where each of the rings has from 5-7 atoms. The ring system has two faces, and contains 3 chains attached to the same face. Each of the chains contains a nitrogen-containing group that is separated from the ring system by at least one atom; the nitrogen-containing group is an amino group, e.g., a primary amino group, or a guanidino group. The compound can also contain a hydrophobic group, such as a substituted (C₃₋₁₀) aminoalkyl group, a (C₁-C₁₀) alkyloxy (C₃₋₁₀) alkyl group, or a (C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino (C₃₋₁₀) alkyl group, attached to the steroid backbone. For example, the compound may have the Formula (V), where each of the three chains containing nitrogen-containing groups is independently selected from R₁ through R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈, where: each of fused rings A, B, C, and D is independently saturated, or is fully or partially unsaturated, provided that at least two of A, B, C, and D are saturated, wherein rings A, B, C, and D form a ring system; each of m, n, p, and q is independently 0 or 1; each of R₁ through R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) hydroxyalkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, (C₁-C₁₀)alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino, (C₁-C₁₀ alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, oxo, a linking group attached to a second steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylcarboxamido, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, (C₁-C₁₀) azidoalkyloxy, (C₁-C₁₀) cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, (C₁-C₁₀) guanidinoalkyloxy, (C₁-C₁₀) quatemary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and (C₁-C₁₀) guanidinoalkyl carboxy, where Q5 is a side chain of any amino acid (including a side chain of glycine, i.e., H). PG. is an amino protecting group: and each of R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, and R₁₄ is independently: deleted when one of fused rings A, B, C, or D is unsaturated so as to complete the valency of the carbon atom at that site, or selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) hydroxyalkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, oxo, a linking group attached to a second steroid, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, (C₁-C₁₀) azidoalkyloxy, (C₁-C₁₀) cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, (C₁-C₁₀) guanidinoalkyloxy, and guanidinoalkylcarboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of any amino acid, PG. is an amino protecting group, provided that at least three of R₁ through R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are disposed on the same face of the ring system and are independently selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyloxy, (C₁-C₁₀) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, (C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino, (C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkylamino, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylcarboxy, a substituted or unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₀) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkylcarboxamido, a (C₁-C₁₀) quatemary ammonium alkylcarboxy, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)C(O)—N(H)—, (C₁-C₁₀) azidoalkyloxy, (C₁-C₁₀) cyanoalkylox, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, (C₁-C₁₀) guanidinoalkyloxy, and a (C₁-C₁₀) guanidinoalkylcarboxy; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In various aspects, at least two, or at least, three, of m, n, p, and q are 1.

In some embodiments, the compounds set forth herein preserve certain stereochemical and electronic characteristics found in steroids. The term “same configuration” as used herein refers to substituents on the fused steroid having the same stereochemical orientation. For example, in some embodiments, substituents R₃, R₇ and R₁₂ are all β-substituted or α-substituted.

In some embodiments, compounds include, but are not limited to, compounds having amine or guanidine groups covalently attached to a steroid backbone or scaffold at any carbon position, e.g., cholic acid. In various embodiments, a group is covalently attached at anyone, or more, of positions C3, C7 and C12 of the steroid backbone or scaffold. In additional embodiments, a group is absent from anyone, or more, of positions C3, C7 and C12 of the steroid backbone or scaffold. Compounds that include such groups can include a tether, the tether having variable chain length or size. As used herein, the terms “tether” or “tethered,” when used in reference to a compound, refers to the chain of atoms between the steroid backbone or scaffold and a terminal amino or guanidine group. In various embodiments, a tether is covalently attached at anyone, or more, of positions C3, C7 and C12. In additional embodiments, a tether is lacking at anyone, or more, of positions C3, C7 and C12. A tether length may include the heteroatom (O or N) covalently attached to the steroid backbone.

In some embodiments, other ring systems can also be used, e.g., 5-member fused rings. Compounds with backbones having a combination of 5- and 6-membered rings are also contemplated. Amine or guanidine groups can be separated from the backbone by at least one, two, three, four or more atoms. The backbone can be used to orient the amine or guanidine groups on one face, or plane, of the steroid. For example, a scheme showing a compound having primary amino groups on one face, or plane, of a backbone is shown below:

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts

The compounds and compositions disclosed herein are optionally prepared as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein is a broad term, and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a skilled artisan (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refers without limitation to a salt of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound. In some embodiments, the salt is an acid addition salt of the compound. Pharmaceutical salts can be obtained by reacting a compound with inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid), sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid. Pharmaceutical salts can also be obtained by reacting a compound with an organic acid such as aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic or sulfonic acids, for example formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, nicotinic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluensulfonic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, butyric acid, phenylacetic acid, phenylbutyric acid, valproic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, or naphthalenesulfonic acid. Pharmaceutical salts can also be obtained by reacting a compound with a base to form a salt such as an ammonium salt, an alkali metal salt, such as a lithium, sodium or a potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, such as a calcium, magnesium or aluminum salt, a salt of organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, C₁-C₇ alkylamine, cyclohexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine and lysine; or a salt of an inorganic base, such as aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, or the like.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

While it is possible for the compounds described herein to be administered alone, it may be preferable to formulate the compounds as pharmaceutical compositions. As such, in yet another aspect, pharmaceutical compositions useful in the methods and uses of the disclosed embodiments are provided. More particularly, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be useful, inter alia, for treating or preventing a bone disease and/or a broken bone. A pharmaceutical composition is any composition that may be administered in vitro or in vivo or both to a subject in order to treat or ameliorate a condition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is for veterinary use. In a preferred embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition may be administered in vivo. A subject may include one or more cells or tissues, or organisms. In some exemplary embodiments, the subject is an animal. In some embodiments, the animal is a mammal. The mammal may be a human or primate in some embodiments. A mammal includes any mammal, such as by way of non-limiting example, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, horses, camels, buffalo, cats, dogs, rats, mice, and humans. In some embodiments, the subject is a vertebrate. In other embodiments, the subject is a non-human animal

As used herein the terms “pharmaceutically acceptable” and “physiologically acceptable” mean a biologically compatible formulation, gaseous, liquid or solid, or mixture thereof, which is suitable for one or more routes of administration, in vivo delivery, or contact. A formulation is compatible in that it does not destroy activity of an active ingredient therein (e.g., a CSA), or induce adverse side effects that far outweigh any prophylactic or therapeutic effect or benefit.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as carriers, solvents, stabilizers, adjuvants, diluents, etc., depending upon the particular mode of administration and dosage form. The pharmaceutical compositions should generally be formulated to achieve a physiologically compatible pH, and may range from a pH of about 3 to a pH of about 11, preferably about pH 3 to about pH 7, depending on the formulation and route of administration. In alternative embodiments, it may be preferred that the pH is adjusted to a range from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8. More particularly, the pharmaceutical compositions may comprise a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Optionally, the pharmaceutical compositions may comprise a combination of the compounds described herein, or may include a second active ingredient useful in the treatment or prevention of bacterial infection (e.g., anti-bacterial or anti-microbial agents).

Formulations, e.g., for parenteral or oral administration, are most typically solids, liquid solutions, emulsions or suspensions, while inhalable formulations for pulmonary administration are generally liquids or powders, with powder formulations being generally preferred. A preferred pharmaceutical composition may also be formulated as a lyophilized solid that is reconstituted with a physiologically compatible solvent prior to administration. Alternative pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as syrups, creams, ointments, tablets, and the like.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to an excipient for administration of a pharmaceutical agent, such as the compounds described herein. The term refers to any pharmaceutical excipient that may be administered without undue toxicity.

Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are determined in part by the particular composition being administered, as well as by the particular method used to administer the composition. Accordingly, there exists a wide variety of suitable formulations of pharmaceutical compositions (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences).

Suitable excipients may be carrier molecules that include large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, and inactive virus particles. Other exemplary excipients include antioxidants such as ascorbic acid; chelating agents such as EDTA; carbohydrates such as dextrin, hydroxyalkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose, stearic acid; liquids such as oils, water, saline, glycerol and ethanol; wetting or emulsifying agents; pH buffering substances; and the like. Liposomes are also included within the definition of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be formulated in any form suitable for the intended method of administration. When intended for oral use for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, non-aqueous solutions, dispersible powders or granules (including micronized particles or nanoparticles), emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups or elixirs may be prepared. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions, and such compositions may contain one or more agents including sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a palatable preparation.

Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients particularly suitable for use in conjunction with tablets include, for example, inert diluents, such as celluloses, calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate; disintegrating agents, such as cross-linked povidone, maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as povidone, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.

Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.

Formulations for oral use may be also presented as hard gelatin capsules where the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example celluloses, lactose, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with non-aqueous or oil medium, such as glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

In another embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as suspensions comprising a compound of the embodiments in admixture with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient suitable for the manufacture of a suspension.

In yet another embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of a suspension by the addition of suitable excipients.

Excipients suitable for use in connection with suspensions include suspending agents, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth, gum acacia, dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethyleneoxycethanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate); polysaccharides and polysaccharide-like compounds (e.g. dextran sulfate); glycoaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycan-like compounds (e.g., hyaluronic acid); and thickening agents, such as carbomer, beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. The suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives such as acetic acid, methyl and/or n-propyl p-hydroxy-benzoate; one or more coloring agents; one or more flavoring agents; and one or more sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.

The pharmaceutical compositions may also be in the form of oil-in water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, a mineral oil, such as liquid paraffin, or a mixture of these. Suitable emulsifying agents include naturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia and gum tragacanth; naturally occurring phosphatides, such as soybean lecithin, esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids; hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan monooleate; and condensation products of these partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsion may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents. Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, such as glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, a flavoring or a coloring agent.

Additionally, the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, such as a sterile injectable aqueous emulsion or oleaginous suspension. This emulsion or suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1,2-propanediol.

The sterile injectable preparation may also be prepared as a lyophilized powder. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile fixed oils may be employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid may likewise be used in the preparation of injectables.

To obtain a stable water-soluble dose form of a pharmaceutical composition, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound described herein may be dissolved in an aqueous solution of an organic or inorganic acid, such as 0.3 M solution of succinic acid, or more preferably, citric acid. If a soluble salt form is not available, the compound may be dissolved in a suitable co-solvent or combination of co-solvents. Examples of suitable co-solvents include alcohol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 300, polysorbate 80, glycerin and the like in concentrations ranging from about 0 to about 60% of the total volume. In one embodiment, the active compound is dissolved in DMSO and diluted with water.

The pharmaceutical composition may also be in the form of a solution of a salt form of the active ingredient in an appropriate aqueous vehicle, such as water or isotonic saline or dextrose solution. Also contemplated are compounds which have been modified by substitutions or additions of chemical or biochemical moieties which make them more suitable for delivery (e.g., increase solubility, bioactivity, palatability, decrease adverse reactions, etc.), for example by esterification, glycosylation, PEGylation, etc.

In one embodiment, the compounds described herein may be formulated for oral administration in a lipid-based formulation suitable for low solubility compounds. Lipid-based formulations can generally enhance the oral bioavailability of such compounds.

As such, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a compound described herein, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient selected from the group consisting of—medium chain fatty acids or propylene glycol esters thereof (e.g., propylene glycol esters of edible fatty acids such as caprylic and capric fatty acids) and pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants such as polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil.

In an alternative preferred embodiment, cyclodextrins may be added as aqueous solubility enhancers. Preferred cyclodextrins include hydroxypropyl, hydroxyethyl, glucosyl, maltosyl and maltotriosyl derivatives of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin. A particularly preferred cyclodextrin solubility enhancer is hydroxypropyl-o-cyclodextrin (BPBC), which may be added to any of the above-described compositions to further improve the aqueous solubility characteristics of the compounds of the embodiments. In one embodiment, the composition comprises about 0.1% to about 20% hydroxypropyl-o-cyclodextrin, more preferably about 1% to about 15% hydroxypropyl-o-cyclodextrin, and even more preferably from about 2.5% to about 10% hydroxypropyl-o-cyclodextrin. The amount of solubility enhancer employed will depend on the amount of the compound of the embodiments in the composition.

In some exemplary embodiments, a CSA comprises a multimer (e.g., a dimer, trimer, tetramer, or higher order polymer). In some exemplary embodiments, the CSAs can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions or formulations. Such pharmaceutical compositions/formulations are useful for administration to a subject, in vivo or ex vivo. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations include carriers or excipients for administration to a subject.

Such formulations include solvents (aqueous or non-aqueous), solutions (aqueous or non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water or water-in-oil), suspensions, syrups, elixirs, dispersion and suspension media, coatings, isotonic and absorption promoting or delaying agents, compatible with pharmaceutical administration or in vivo contact or delivery. Aqueous and non-aqueous solvents, solutions and suspensions may include suspending agents and thickening agents. Such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include tablets (coated or uncoated), capsules (hard or soft), microbeads, powder, granules and crystals. Supplementary active compounds (e.g., preservatives, antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal agents) can also be incorporated into the compositions.

Cosolvents and adjuvants may be added to the formulation. Non-limiting examples of cosolvents contain hydroxyl groups or other polar groups, for example, alcohols, such as isopropyl alcohol; glycols, such as propylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol, polypropylene glycol, glycol ether; glycerol; polyoxyethylene alcohols and polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters. Adjuvants include, for example, surfactants such as, soya lecithin and oleic acid; sorbitan esters such as sorbitan trioleate; and polyvinylpyrrolidone.

A pharmaceutical composition contains a total amount of the active ingredient(s) sufficient to achieve an intended therapeutic effect.

Methods and Uses:

Disclosed herein are compositions comprising at least one cationic steroid antimicrobial (CSA), or a pharmaceutically acceptable sat thereof, for use in the treatment of bone disease or treatment of a broken bone. Some embodiments are methods of promoting osteogenesis in a subject in need of treatment for a bone disease or healing a broken bone, comprising identifying a subject in need of treatment for a bone disease or healing a broken bone and administering a CSA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the bone disease is not an infection or associated with an infection.

In some embodiments, the compositions or methods further comprise administering at least one growth factor. The growth factor administered may be a bone growth factor, which may enhance osteogenesis in the subject. In some embodiments, the bone growth factor is recombinant bone morphogenetic protein. In some embodiments, the recombinant bone morphogenetic protein is recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein. In some embodiments, the bone morphogenetic protein is BMP-2. In other embodiments the bone morphogenetic protein is BMP-2, BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-5, BMP-6, BMP-7, and/or a combination of any of the aforementioned BMPs. In some embodiments, the bone growth factor is INFUSE® BMP-2 and/or OP-1 BMP-7. The interaction between the bone growth factor and CSA may be a synergistic interaction resulting in osteogenesis at levels higher than expected from individual treatment using only a CSA or only a growth factor. In some embodiments, the interaction between the bone growth factor and CSA allows for the use of lower amounts of BMP-2 or rhBMP-2. In other embodiments, the use of CSA in combination with growth factors, including BMP-2 or rhBMP-2, reduces adverse consequences of the growth factor, including unintended growth. In some exemplary embodiments, the method further comprises administering an osteogenic nutrient, osteogenic supplement, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the CSA is administered to treat a bone disease. Examples of bone diseases include bone resorption, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteitis fibrosa cystica, osteochondritis dissecans, osteoblastogenesis, osteomalacia, osteomyelitis, osteopenia, osteonecrosis, and porotic hyperostosis. In some embodiments, the bone disease is not an infection and/or associated with an infection.

In some embodiments, the CSA is administered to treat a broken bone. Examples of broken bones include fractures (including traumatic fractures, stress fractures, and fractures characterized by partial breakages such as greenstick fractures); critical sized bone defects; distraction osteogenesis; surgical bone alterations (including spine fusion surgery); and bone disruption resulting from a joint replacement, an orthopaedic implant, or a biopsy. One additional use is in the treatment of non-healing bone conditions, such as fractures or surgical removal or grafting of bones. While the CSAs disclosed herein can be used as an initial treatment for surgical procedures impacting bones or broken bones, existing conditions in which such bones are recalcitrant to healing can be addressed with the methods and materials disclosed herein.

The compositions disclosed herein can be administered to any bone, anywhere it is desirable to promote bone healing or bone synthesis; e.g., the compositions can be administered to fracture fixation (such as fracture healing) in broken bones, or treatment of osteoporotic bone (i.e., to promote osteogenesis and strengthen the bone). The compositions are also useful to strengthen or repair osteoporotic bone, where there is not a lot of nascent bone material to start with. In this exemplary embodiment, the compositions may promote accelerated osteogenesis within the osteoporotic bone, thereby strengthening the bone. This can be accomplished with little or no destruction of the osteoporotic bone; e.g., the compositions may be simply coated onto the osteoporotic bone, or alternatively, used to fill in defects. In addition, the compositions can be used to reconstruct a segmental defect in the case of missing bone, e.g., following tumor resection, polytrauma, or combinations thereof. In general, the compositions can be administered anywhere it is desired to promote osteogenesis within or adjacent to bone.

In some embodiments, the CSA is administered with an antimicrobial. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial is a CSA. In other embodiments, the antimicrobial is a CSA that facilitates the treatment of bone disease or a broken bone. In some embodiments, a single CSA is administered that facilitates antimicrobial effects and treats bone diseases or broken bones.

In some embodiments, the CSA is administered with additional compounds that provide therapeutic effects towards bone diseases or broken bones. In some embodiments, the CSA is administered with one or more bisphosphonates. Examples of bisphosphonates include Etidronate, Elodronate, Tiladronate, Pamidronate, Neridronate, Olpadronate, Alendronate, Ibandronate, Residronate, and/or Zoledronate. In some embodiments, the CSA is administered with calcium and/or vitamin D. In some embodiments, the CSA is administered with compounds for the treatment of osteoporosis. In some embodiments, the CSA is administered with Teriparatide, strontium ranelate, raloxifene, and/or Denosumab.

Other embodiments include kits comprising CSA compositions and instructions on disclosed methods. In some embodiments, kits include compounds (e.g., CSA), combination compositions and pharmaceutical compositions/formulations thereof, packaged into a suitable packaging material. In one embodiment, a kit includes packaging material, a CSA, and instructions. In various aspects, the instructions are for administering the CSA to: provide a subject with protection against a pathogenesis; treat a subject for pathogenesis; decrease susceptibility of a subject to a pathogenesis; or decrease or prevent an adverse side effect caused by a pathogenesis. The pathogenesis includes bone diseases and broken bones as described above.

The term “packaging material” refers to a physical structure housing one or more components of the kit. The packaging material can maintain the components sterilely, and can be made of material commonly used for such purposes (e.g., paper, corrugated fiber, glass, plastic, foil, ampules, vials, tubes, etc.). A kit can contain a plurality of components, e.g., two or more compounds alone or in combination with an osteogenesis agent or treatment or drug, optionally sterile.

A kit optionally includes a label or insert including a description of the components (type, amounts, doses, etc.), instructions for use in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo, and any other components therein. Labels or inserts include “printed matter,” e.g., paper or cardboard, or separate or affixed to a component, a kit or packing material (e.g., a box), or attached to an ampule, tube or vial containing a kit component. Labels or inserts can additionally include a computer readable medium, such as a disk (e.g., floppy diskette, hard disk, ZIP disk), optical disk such as CD- or DVD-ROM/RAM, DVD, MP3, magnetic tape, or an electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM or hybrids of these such as magnetic/optical storage media, FLASH media or memory type cards.

One of ordinary skill in the art to which these exemplary embodiments belong will understand that the compositions may be administered in numerous ways. For example, administration may mean simply applying the compositions to a bone directly. In some exemplary embodiments, administration may be enteral, parenteral, or topical. Other exemplary routes of administration for contact or in vivo delivery which a compound can optionally be formulated include inhalation, respiration, intubation, intrapulmonary instillation, oral (buccal, sublingual, mucosal), intrapulmonary, rectal, vaginal, intrauterine, intradermal, topical, dermal, parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intraocular, intratracheal and epidural), intranasal, intrathecal, intraarticular, intracavity, transdermal, iontophoretic, ophthalmic, optical (e.g., corneal), intraglandular, intraorgan, and/or intralymphatic.

The delivery forms can be homogeneous, e.g., forms in which the composition is in solution, or heterogeneous, e.g., forms in which the composition is contained within liposomes or microspheres. The forms can produce an immediate effect, and can alternatively, or additionally, produce an extended effect. For example, liposomes, or microspheres, or other similar means of providing an extended release of the composition, can be used to extend the period during which the composition is exposed to the targeted area; non-encapsulated compositions can also be provided for an immediate effect.

In some embodiments, the composition or method includes administering a CSA from a pharmaceutically acceptable device(s) such as bandages, surgical dressings, gauzes, adhesive strips, surgical staples, clips, hemostats, intrauterine devices, sutures, trocars, catheters, tubes, and implants. In some embodiments, the implant is a pill, pellet, rod, screw, wafer, disc, sponge and/or tablet. In some embodiments, the sponge is an absorbable collagen sponge. The devices can deliver the composition to a targeted area for a desired period of time. In some exemplary embodiments, the composition may be incorporated into a medical device coating. In some embodiments, the coating contains 0.1 weight %, 1 weight %, 5 weight %, 10 weight %, 15 weight %, 20 weight %, 25 weight %, 50 weight %, about any of the aforementioned numbers, and/or a range bounded by any two of the aforementioned numbers.

Devices according to the disclosure can be prepared according to known methods, and can include, or be made from, polymeric material. In some instances, the polymeric material will be an absorbable material and in other instances, a non-absorbable material, or in other instances a resorbable material. Devices can, of course, include absorbable, non-absorbable, resorbable materials, and combinations thereof.

Absorbable materials can be synthetic materials and non-synthetic materials. Absorbable synthetic materials include, but are not limited to, cellulosic polymers, glycolic acid polymers, methacrylate polymers, ethylene vinyl acetate polymers, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers, polycaptrolactam, polyacetate, copolymers of lactide and glycolide, polydioxanone, polyglactin, poliglecaprone, polyglyconate, polygluconate, and combinations thereof. Absorbable non-synthetic materials include, but are not limited to, catgut, cargile membrane, fascia lata, gelatin, collagen, and combinations thereof.

Nonabsorbable synthetic materials include, but are not limited to nylons, rayons, polyesters, polyolefins, and combinations thereof. Non-absorbable non-synthetic materials include, but are not limited to, silk, dermal silk, cotton, linen, and combinations thereof.

Combinations of the foregoing devices and carriers/vehicles are also envisioned. For example, a CSA gel or ointment can be impregnated into a bandage or wound dressing for delivery of the CSA to a targeted location. As another example, an implantable absorbable device can be loaded with a CSA solution and release the solution from the device over a period as desired. The physical form used to deliver the CSA is not critical and the choice or design of such devices is well within the level of skill of one in the art.

It may be desirable to provide for other conditions in the practice of the present methods. For example, it may be desirable to ensure that the target region is sufficiently oxygenated; generally, it is sufficient that atmospheric oxygen be present. It also may be desirable to maintain a desired level of moisture and a particular temperature; in some embodiments, a warm, moist environment is desirable. While not required, it may also be desirable to establish or maintain a sterile environment.

Additionally, it may be desirable to include other therapeutically beneficial agents in the formulation. For example, the vehicles or carriers may also include humectants or moisturizers to maintain a desired moisture level in the treated area. Other possibilities include drugs such as anesthetics or antibiotics, which provide other desired effects. Again, the possibilities are unlimited and are left to the practitioner. In some exemplary embodiments the composition may comprise a second CSA for purposes for which CSAs are known to serve.

Dosages

The formulations may, for convenience, be prepared or provided as a unit dosage form. Preparation techniques include bringing into association the active ingredient (e.g., CSA) and a pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately associating the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product. For example, a tablet may be made by compression or molding. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, an active ingredient (e.g., a CSA) in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be produced by molding, in a suitable apparatus, a mixture of powdered compound (e.g., CSA) moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide a slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein.

Compounds (e.g., CSAs), including pharmaceutical formulations can be packaged in unit dosage forms for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. A “unit dosage form” as used herein refers to a physically discrete unit suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of compound optionally in association with a pharmaceutical carrier (excipient, diluent, vehicle or filling agent) which, when administered in one or more doses, is calculated to produce a desired effect (e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic effect or benefit). Unit dosage forms can contain a daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an administered compound (e.g., CSA). Unit dosage forms also include, for example, capsules, troches, cachets, lozenges, tablets, ampules and vials, which may include a composition in a freeze-dried or lyophilized state; a sterile liquid carrier, for example, can be added prior to administration or delivery in vivo. Unit dosage forms additionally include, for example, ampules and vials with liquid compositions disposed therein. Unit dosage forms further include compounds for transdermal administration, such as “patches” that contact with the epidermis of the subject for an extended or brief period of time. The individual unit dosage forms can be included in multi-dose kits or containers. Pharmaceutical formulations can be packaged in single or multiple unit dosage forms for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.

Compounds (e.g., CSAs) can be administered in accordance with the methods at any frequency as a single bolus or multiple dose e.g., one, two, three, four, five, or more times hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, or annually or between about 1 to 10 days, weeks, months, or for as long as appropriate. Exemplary frequencies are typically from 1-7 times, 1-5 times, 1-3 times, 2-times or once, daily, weekly or monthly. Timing of contact, administration ex vivo or in vivo delivery can be dictated by the infection, pathogenesis, symptom, pathology or adverse side effect to be treated. For example, an amount can be administered to the subject substantially contemporaneously with, or within about 1-60 minutes or hours of the onset of a symptom or adverse side effect, pathogenesis, or vaccination. Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions may be administered twice a day, once a day, once every two days, three times a week, twice a week, every 3 to 4 days, or every week depending on half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation. For example, in an embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition contains an amount of a compound as described herein that is selected for administration to a patient on a schedule selected from: twice a day, once a day, once every two days, three times a week, twice a week, and once a week.

Localized delivery is also contemplated, including but not limited to delivery techniques in which the compound is implanted, injected, infused, or otherwise locally delivered. Localized delivery is characterized by higher concentrations of drug at the site of desired action (e.g., the bone or break to be treated) versus systemic concentrations of the drug. Well-known localized delivery forms can be used, including long-acting injections; infusion directly into the site of action; depot delivery forms; controlled or sustained delivery compositions; transdermal patches; infusion pumps; and the like. The CSA can further be incorporated into a biodegradable or bioerodible material or be put into or on a medical device.

Doses may vary depending upon whether the treatment is therapeutic or prophylactic, the onset, progression, severity, frequency, duration, probability of or susceptibility of the symptom, the type pathogenesis to which treatment is directed, clinical endpoint desired, previous, simultaneous or subsequent treatments, general health, age, gender or race of the subject, bioavailability, potential adverse systemic, regional or local side effects, the presence of other disorders or diseases in the subject, and other factors that will be appreciated by the skilled artisan (e.g., medical or familial history). Dose amount, frequency or duration may be increased or reduced, as indicated by the clinical outcome desired, status of the infection, symptom or pathology, any adverse side effects of the treatment or therapy. The skilled artisan will appreciate the factors that may influence the dosage, frequency and timing required to provide an amount sufficient or effective for providing a prophylactic or therapeutic effect or benefit. The exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in light of factors related to the subject that requires treatment. Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active agent(s) or to maintain the desired effect. It will be appreciated that treatment as described herein includes preventing a disease, ameliorating symptoms, slowing disease progression, reversing damage, or curing a disease.

The dosage may range broadly, depending upon the desired effects, the therapeutic indication, and the mode of administration. Alternatively dosages may be based and calculated upon the surface area of the patient, as understood by those of skill in the art. Although the exact dosage will be determined on a drug-by-drug basis, some generalizations regarding the dosage can be made. The dosage regimen for a human patient may be, for example, a dose of between about 0.1 μg/g to about 50 μg/g for local delivery. In some embodiments, the dosage regimen for local or systemic delivery (based on the weight of the patient) may be about 1 μg/g, 5 μg/g, 10 μg/g, 50 μg/g, 100 μg/g, 200 g/g, 500 g/g, 750 μg/g, 1000 μg/g, or less than any of the aforementioned numbers, or a range bounded by any two of the aforementioned numbers. In some embodiments, between about 0.001 mg to about 3000 mg of the active ingredient is delivered is administered locally or systemically. In some embodiments, about 5-15 mg of active ingredient is administered locally or systemically. In other embodiments, about 0.001 mg, 0.01 mg, 0.1 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 500 mg, 1000 mg, or less than any of the aforementioned numbers, or a range bounded by any two of the aforementioned numbers is administered locally or systemically. The dosage may be a single one or a series of two or more given in the course of one or more days, as is needed by the subject. In some embodiments, the compounds will be administered for a period of continuous therapy, for example for a week or more, or for months or years.

In instances where animal and/or human dosages for different compounds having been established for at least some condition, those same dosages may be used, or dosages that are between about 0.1% and 500%, more preferably between about 25% and 250% of the established animal and/or human dosage. For examples, dosages for INFUSE® BMP-2 and/or OP-1 BMP-7 are known and can be used to infer dosages for use in the disclosed embodiments. Where no animal and/or human dosage is established, as will be the case for newly-discovered pharmaceutical compositions, a suitable animal and/or human dosage can be inferred from ED₅₀ or ID₅₀ values, or other appropriate values derived from in vitro or in vivo studies, as qualified by toxicity studies and efficacy studies in animals.

In cases of administration of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, dosages may be calculated as the free base. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, in certain situations it may be necessary to administer the compounds disclosed herein in amounts that exceed, or even far exceed, the above-stated, preferred dosage range in order to effectively and aggressively treat particularly aggressive diseases or conditions.

Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the active moiety which are sufficient to maintain the modulating effects, or minimal effective concentration (MEC). The MEC will vary for each compound but can be estimated from in vitro data. Dosages necessary to achieve the MEC will depend on individual characteristics and route of administration. However, HPLC assays or bioassays can be used to determine plasma concentrations. Dosage intervals can also be determined using MEC value. Compositions should be administered using a regimen which maintains plasma levels above the MEC for 10-90% of the time, preferably between 30-90% and most preferably between 50-90%. In cases of local administration or selective uptake, the effective local concentration of the drug may not be related to plasma concentration.

Compounds disclosed herein can be evaluated for efficacy and toxicity using known methods. For example, the toxicology of a particular compound, or of a subset of the compounds, sharing certain chemical moieties, may be established by determining in vitro toxicity towards a cell line, such as a mammalian, and preferably human, cell line. The results of such studies are often predictive of toxicity in animals, such as mammals, or more specifically, humans. Alternatively, the toxicity of particular compounds in an animal model, such as mice, rats, rabbits, or monkeys, may be determined using known methods. The efficacy of a particular compound may be established using several recognized methods, such as in vitro methods, animal models, or human clinical trials. When selecting a model to determine efficacy, the skilled artisan can be guided by the state of the art to choose an appropriate model, dose, route of administration and/or regime.

As described herein, the methods of the embodiments also include the use of a compound or compounds as described herein together with one or more additional therapeutic agents for the treatment of disease conditions. Thus, for example, the combination of active ingredients may be: (1) co-formulated and administered or delivered simultaneously in a combined formulation; (2) delivered by alternation or in parallel as separate formulations; or (3) by any other combination therapy regimen known in the art. When delivered in alternation therapy, the methods described herein may comprise administering or delivering the active ingredients sequentially, e.g., in separate solution, emulsion, suspension, tablets, pills or capsules, or by different injections in separate syringes. In general, during alternation therapy, an effective dosage of each active ingredient is administered sequentially, i.e., serially, whereas in simultaneous therapy, effective dosages of two or more active ingredients are administered together. Various sequences of intermittent combination therapy may also be used.

Kits

Kits comprising the tissue treatment compositions and instructions for performing such methods are also disclosed. The disclosure also provides kits including compounds (e.g., CSA), combination compositions and pharmaceutical compositions/formulations thereof, packaged into a suitable packaging material. In one embodiment, a kit includes packaging material, a CSA, and instructions. In various aspects, the instructions are for administering the CSA to enhance bone growth and/or treat a broken bone in a subject.

The term “packaging material” refers to a physical structure housing one or more components of the kit. The packaging material can maintain the components sterilely, and can be made of material commonly used for such purposes (e.g., paper, corrugated fiber, glass, plastic, foil, ampules, vials, tubes, etc.). A kit can contain a plurality of components, e.g., two or more compounds alone or in combination with growth factors, optionally sterile.

A kit optionally includes a label or insert including a description of the components (type, amounts, doses, etc.), instructions for use in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo, and any other components therein. Labels or inserts include “printed matter,” e.g., paper or cardboard, or separate or affixed to a component, a kit or packing material (e.g., a box), or attached to an ampule, tube or vial containing a kit component. Labels or inserts can additionally include a computer readable medium, such as a disk (e.g., floppy diskette, hard disk, ZIP disk), optical disk such as CD- or DVD-ROM/RAM, DVD, MP3, magnetic tape, or an electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM or hybrids of these such as magnetic/optical storage media, FLASH media or memory type cards.

Examples

BMP Regulation:

SABisosciences custom array plates (Cat#PAHS-026) were used to measure BMP expression. These array plates are validated for efficiency when used at recommended conditions and reagents. On day 1, primary human MSC cells were plated at 200,000 cell/well using 6-well plates with 10% FBS, Penicillin and Streptomycin 10 mL per Liter, in recommended media. Only early passages of cells were used.

On day 2, cells were treated with compounds dissolved in DMSO diluted 1:1000 or more to avoid solvent effects. A non-treated negative control group was evaluated (FIG. 1, “Control Group”) along with a positive control group containing PS1 at 0.1 μM (FIG. 1, “Group 1”). Final testing concentration for CSA-90 was 5.0 μM (FIG. 1, “Group 2”), 2.5 μM (FIG. 1, “Group 3”), and 1.2 μM (FIG. 1, “Group 4”). Treatment lasted 8 hours, followed by RNA isolation using a QIAGEN Miniprep Kit. RNA was measured at 260/280 nm using NanoDrop2000 and normalized to 250 ng. cDNA preparation was done using QIAGEN First Strand kit.

The positive control containing PS1 (Proteasome inhibitor-1) at 0.1 μM produced a 3 fold up-regulation of BMP-2 mRNA compared to the control. Additional gene regulation data for PS1 at 0.1 μM is provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Gene Regulation of PS1 v. Untreated Control Group Gene Symbol Fold Up-Regulation Descriptive name MSX1 6.2916 Msh homeobox 1 CSF2 6.205 Colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte- macrophage) MMP8 3.7453 Matrix metallopeptidase 8 (neutrophil collagenase) BMP-2 3.0816 Bone morphogenetic protein 2 BMP-6 2.642 Bone morphogenetic protein 6 TGFB3 2.2234 Transforming growth factor, beta 3 TGFBR1 2.0059 Transforming growth factor, beta receptor 1 PHEX 1.9871 Phosphate regulating endopeptidase homolog, Xlinked TNF 1.8055 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) COL10A1 1.5421 Collagen, type X, alpha 1 IGF1 1.5067 Insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C) ICAM1 1.5053 Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 SERPIN H1 1.4764 Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade H (heat shock protein 47), member 1, (collagen binding protein 1) TUFT1 1.4326 Tuftelin 1 FGF2 1.3957 Fibroblast growth factor 2 (basic) MMP10 1.3516 Matrix metallopeptidase 10 (stromelysin 2) ITGAM 1.3319 Integrin, alpha M (complement component 3 receptor 3 subunit) ITGA1 1.325 Integrin, alpha 1 SMAD4 1.3022 SMAD family member 4 PPC 1.2774 Positive PCR Control COMP 1.2648 Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein PPC 1.2343 Positive PCR Control COL15A1 1.2144 Collagen, type XV, alpha 1 SCARB1 1.1791 Scavenger receptor class B, member 1 ITGB1 1.1614 Integrin, beta 1 (fibronectin receptor, beta polypeptide, antigen CD29 includes MDF2, MSK12) GAPDH 1.161 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase RTC 1.1269 Reverse Transcription Control BMP-5 1.124 Bone morphogenetic protein 5 CALCR 1.124 CALCITONIN RECEPTOR DMP1 1.124 Dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 DSPP 1.124 Dentin sialophosphoprotein ENAM 1.124 Enamelin GDF10 1.124 Growth differentiation factor 10 HGDC 1.124 Human Genomic DNA Contamination ANXA5 1.1236 Annexin A5 TFIP11 1.1041 Tuftelin interacting protein 11 PPC 1.1022 Positive PCR Control FN1 1.099 Fibronectin 1 COL5A1 1.0927 Collagen, type V, alpha 1 COL12A1 1.0767 Collagen, type XII, alpha 1 SMAD2 1.0462 SMAD family member 2 PDGFA 1.0421 Platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide RTC 1.0199 Reverse Transcription Control TGFB2 1.0081 Transforming growth factor, beta 2 VEGFA −1.0162 Vascular endothelial growth factor A CD36 −1.0202 CD36 molecule (thrombospondin receptor) COL4A3 −1.0619 Collagen, type IV, alpha 3 (Goodpasture antigen) RTC −1.0657 Reverse Transcription Control COL1A2 −1.0689 Collagen, type I, alpha 2 IGF1R −1.0699 Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor COL3A1 −1.0806 Collagen, type III, alpha 1 ITGA2 −1.0945 Integrin, alpha 2 (CD49B, alpha 2 subunit of VLA- 2 receptor) FGFR1 −1.0999 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 BMP-3 −1.1038 Bone morphogenetic protein 3 NFKB1 −1.1038 Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 VEGFB −1.1191 Vascular endothelial growth factor B MMP2 −1.1194 Matrix metallopeptidase 2 (gelatinase A, 72 kDa gelatinase, 72 kDa type IV collagenase) BMP-1 −1.1214 Bone morphogenetic protein 1 BGN −1.1323 Biglycan COL1A1 −1.1935 Collagen, type I, alpha 1 IGF2 −1.2388 Insulin-like growth factor 2 (somatomedin A) MMP9 −1.2449 Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (gelatinase B, 92 kDa gelatinase, 92 kDa type IV collagenase) EGF −1.2529 Epidermal growth factor (beta-urogastrone) FGFR2 −1.2644 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 TGFB1 −1.2644 Transforming growth factor, beta 1 CTSK −1.2679 Cathepsin K SMAD1 −1.2813 SMAD family member 1 FGF3 −1.3257 Fibroblast growth factor 3 (murine mammary tumor virus integration site (v-int-2) oncogene homolog) AHSG −1.3295 Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein BGLAP −1.3879 Bone gamma-carboxyglutamate (gla) protein ACTB −1.4183 Actin, beta COL2A1 −1.4242 Collagen, type II, alpha 1 ALPL −1.4723 Alkaline phosphatase, liver/bone/kidney COL11A1 −1.4875 Collagen, type XI, alpha 1 FGF1 −1.4948 Fibroblast growth factor 1 (acidic) VDR −1.5248 Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor COL14A1 −1.5279 Collagen, type XIV, alpha 1 EGFR −1.8532 Epidermal growth factor receptor (erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-b) oncogene homolog, avian) AMELY −1.8864 Amelogenin, Y-linked ITGA3 −1.8917 Integrin, alpha 3 (antigen CD49C, alpha 3 subunit of VLA-3 receptor) AMBN −1.9272 Ameloblastin (enamel matrix protein) TWIST1 −2.197 Twist homolog 1 (Drosophila) BMP-4 −2.2148 Bone morphogenetic protein 4 CDH11 −2.2309 Cadherin 11, type 2, OB-cadherin (osteoblast) STATH −2.2674 Statherin TGFBR2 −2.3752 Transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80 kDa) VCAM1 −2.406 Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 CSF3 −2.4364 Colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte) SMAD3 −2.771 SMAD family member 3 FLT1 −2.7821 Fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor receptor) RUNX2 −3.542 Runt-related transcription factor 2

Repeating the experiment in triplicate afforded the results illustrated in FIG. 2, wherein the control group is untreated; Group 1 is CSA-90 at 5 μM; Group 2 is CSA-90 at 2.5 μM; and Group 3 is CSA-90 at 1.2 μM. Additional experiments were performed with hMSC treated with CSAs 8, 13, 44, 54, 90, 92, 97, and 98 (Groups 1-8, respectively; FIG. 3). CSA-90, along with other CSAs, effectively up-regulated BMP-2 mRNA expression (˜6 fold up-regulation for CSA-90 at a 5 μM concentration). Additional gene regulation data for CSA-90 is provided in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Gene Regulation of CSA-90 v. Untreated Control Group Gene Fold Up- Symbol Regulation Descriptive name IGF1 15.8816 Insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C) BMP-6 14.8826 Bone morphogenetic protein 6 BMP-2 6.7295 Bone morphogenetic protein 2 TGFB3 3.2853 Transforming growth factor, beta 3 CSF2 3.2231 Colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte- macrophage) TNF 2.7072 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) ITGAM 2.5974 Integrin, alpha M (complement component 3 receptor 3 subunit) STATH 2.5891 Statherin PPC 2.3361 Positive PCR Control MMP10 2.1233 Matrix metallopeptidase 10 (stromelysin 2) BMP-5 2.1036 Bone morphogenetic protein 5 CALCR 2.1036 CALCITONIN RECEPTOR DMP1 2.1036 Dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 DSPP 2.1036 Dentin sialophosphoprotein ENAM 2.1036 Enamelin GDF10 2.1036 Growth differentiation factor 10 HGDC 2.1036 Human Genomic DNA Contamination MMP9 2.0169 Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (gelatinase B, 92 kDa gelatinase, 92 kDa type IV collagenase) PPC 1.9116 Positive PCR Control IGF1R 1.6854 Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor TGFB2 1.619 Transforming growth factor, beta 2 ITGA2 1.6174 Integrin, alpha 2 (CD49B, alpha 2 subunit of VLA-2 receptor) RTC 1.6043 Reverse Transcription Control COMP 1.5909 Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein RTC 1.5346 Reverse Transcription Control TGFBR1 1.5219 Transforming growth factor, beta receptor 1 RTC 1.4817 Reverse Transcription Control AHSG 1.4077 Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein BMP-3 1.3888 Bone morphogenetic protein 3 ICAM1 1.3786 Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 VEGFA 1.3548 Vascular endothelial growth factor A CSF3 1.3504 Colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte) ITGA1 1.2807 Integrin, alpha 1 VEGFB 1.2749 Vascular endothelial growth factor B COL3A1 1.1521 Collagen, type III, alpha 1 COL15A1 1.1217 Collagen, type XV, alpha 1 EGFR 1.0894 Epidermal growth factor receptor (erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-b) oncogene homolog, avian) CTSK 1.0843 Cathepsin K COL2A1 1.0817 Collagen, type II, alpha 1 COL14A1 1.0661 Collagen, type XIV, alpha 1 COL10A1 1.0439 Collagen, type X, alpha 1 NFKB1 1.0365 Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 AMELY −1.008 Amelogenin, Y-linked MMP8 −1.0189 Matrix metallopeptidase 8 (neutrophil collagenase) ANXA5 −1.0287 Annexin A5 AMBN −1.0298 Ameloblastin (enamel matrix protein) FGF2 −1.0498 Fibroblast growth factor 2 (basic) GAPDH −1.0501 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase SMAD4 −1.0529 SMAD family member 4 VCAM1 −1.1098 Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 BGLAP −1.1336 Bone gamma-carboxyglutamate (gla) protein PDGFA −1.1381 Platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide MSX1 −1.1393 Msh homeobox 1 RUNX2 −1.1998 Runt-related transcription factor 2 SMAD2 −1.2016 SMAD family member 2 SMAD1 −1.2436 SMAD family member 1 ITGB1 −1.3007 Integrin, beta 1 (fibronectin receptor, beta polypeptide, antigen CD29 includes MDF2, MSK12) TGFB1 −1.3031 Transforming growth factor, beta 1 COL12A1 −1.366 Collagen, type XII, alpha 1 EGF −1.3949 Epidermal growth factor (beta-urogastrone) BMP-1 −1.4719 Bone morphogenetic protein 1 FN1 −1.4863 Fibronectin 1 COL1A2 −1.525 Collagen, type I, alpha 2 FGF3 −1.5325 Fibroblast growth factor 3 (murine mammary tumor virus integration site (v-int-2) oncogene homolog) FGFR1 −1.5568 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 MMP2 −1.6002 Matrix metallopeptidase 2 (gelatinase A, 72 kDa gelatinase, 72 kDa type IV collagenase) COL5A1 −1.603 Collagen, type V, alpha 1 TFIP11 −1.6592 Tuftelin interacting protein 11 TWIST1 −1.6813 Twist homolog 1 (Drosophila) FGF1 −1.7551 Fibroblast growth factor 1 (acidic) TGFBR2 −1.7799 Transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80 kDa) COL1A1 −1.9589 Collagen, type I, alpha 1 PHEX −2.0881 Phosphate regulating endopeptidase homolog, X-linked ITGA3 −2.1172 Integrin, alpha 3 (antigen CD49C, alpha 3 subunit of VLA-3 receptor) FLT1 −2.1823 Fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor receptor) BGN −2.2679 Biglycan CD36 −2.3276 CD36 molecule (thrombospondin receptor) CDH11 −2.6119 Cadherin 11, type 2, OB-cadherin (osteoblast) IGF2 −2.6412 Insulin-like growth factor 2 (somatomedin A) SERPIN H1 −2.6434 Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade H (heat shock protein 47), member 1, (collagen binding protein 1) SCARB1 −2.7137 Scavenger receptor class B, member 1 COL11A1 −2.8055 Collagen, type XI, alpha 1 SMAD3 −2.8152 SMAD family member 3 FGFR2 −3.1961 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 BMP-4 −3.7558 Bone morphogenetic protein 4 ACTB −4.1173 Actin, beta TUFT1 −4.5431 Tuftelin 1 ALPL −5.8397 Alkaline phosphatase, liver/bone/kidney VDR −6.6007 Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor COL4A3 −9.7105 Collagen, type IV, alpha 3 (Goodpasture antigen) In Vitro Analysis:

MC3T3-E1 cells at day 4 of differentiation were treated with or without 200 ng/mL rhBMP-2 (recombinant human BMP-2), 0-50 μM CSA-90, and with or without 50 μM sodium alginate. Quantitative spectroscopic ALP (alkaline phosphatase) assays were performed in on multiple wells and normalized to viable cell number. Experimental assays were carried out twice independently. Data for this analysis is provided in FIG. 4 (from left to right 0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 μM CSA-90 were tested with or without BMP-2 and Algin). Comparable results were seen with CSA-13.

In Vivo Analysis:

10 μg rhBMP-2 was implanted into the quadriceps of mice with 0, 25 μg, or 250 μg CSA-90. A control group received 250 μg CSA-90 alone (without rhBMP-2). Bone was allowed to form ectopically over 3 weeks. Specimens were then harvested for XR (FIG. 5) and microCT (FIG. 7).

MicroCT scans were performed on all samples using a Skyscan 1174 microCT scanner. Scanning data confirmed increases in bone volume (BV) with the addition of CSA-90 (See FIG. 6). Based on parametric tests comparing 25 μg CSA90 and 250 μg CSA90 with rhBMP-2 alone, these increases were statistically significant (*P=0.02, P<0.01 respectively). Using nonparametric rank tests, the increases were also statistically significant (*P<0.01 for both groups). This data indicates that the addition of CSA-90 increased the ectopic bone volume induced by rhBMP-2 treatment by about 3.2 fold.

Moreover, CSA-90 alone (250 μg) delivered in the muscle pouch model appears to also result in bone formation (See FIG. 7, indicating de-novo bone formation exemplified by a fine network of mineralized tissue).

CONCLUSION

Furthermore, although the foregoing has been described in some detail by way of illustrations and examples for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that numerous and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. Therefore, it should be clearly understood that the forms disclosed herein are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure, but rather to also cover all modification and alternatives coming with the true scope and spirit of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of promoting osteogenesis in a subject in need of treatment for a bone disease or healing of a broken bone, comprising: identifying a subject in need of treatment for a bone disease or healing of a broken bone; and administering to the subject an amount ranging from about 0.1 μg/g to about 50 μg/g of body weight and/or an amount ranging from about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg of at least one cationic steroid antimicrobial (CSA) compound of Formula V, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein, rings A, B, C, and D are independently saturated; m, n, p, and q are independently 0 or 1; R₁, R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₆) alkyl; R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl amino, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, oxo, linking group attached to a second CSA compound, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, substituted or unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl) aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) azidoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) cyanoalkyl oxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkylcarboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of an amino acid and P.G. is an amino protecting group, provided that at least two of R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoalkyloxy, aminoalkylcarboxy, alkylaminoalkyl, and di(alkyl)aminoalkyl; and R₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted amido, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, linking group attached to a second CSA compound, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, substituted or unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl) aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) azidoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) cyanoalkyl oxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkylcarboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of an amino acid and P.G. is an amino protecting group.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein R₁₈ has the following structure: —R₂₀—(C═O)—N—R₂₁R₂₂ wherein, R₂₀ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and R₂₁ and R₂₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₆ or C₁₀ aryl, 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 10 membered heterocyclyl, C₇-C₁₃ aralkyl, (5 to 10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₀ carbocyclyl, C₄-C₁₀ (carbocyclyl)alkyl, (5 to 10 membered heterocyclyl)-C₁-C₆ alkyl, amido, and amine protecting group, provided that at least one of R₂₁ and R₂₂ is not hydrogen.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering to the subject at least one growth factor.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the at least one growth factor is at least one of BMP-2 or rhBMP-2.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one CSA compound facilitates healing of a trauma injury.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering to the subject an antimicrobial agent, other than the at least one CSA compound, to treat or prevent infection.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one CSA compound treats the bone disease or heals the broken bone and treats or prevent infection.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one CSA compound is administered from a pharmaceutically acceptable device selected from the group consisting of bandages, surgical dressings, gauzes, adhesive strips, surgical staples, clips, hemostats, intrauterine devices, sutures, trocars, catheters, tubes, and implants.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable device comprises an implant selected from the group consisting of pills, pellets, rods, screws, wafers, discs, sponges, and tablets.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the bone disease is selected from the group consisting of bone resorption, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteitis fibrosa cystica, osteochondritis dissecans, osteomalacia, osteoblastogenesis, osteomyelitis, osteopenia, osteonecrosis, and porotic hyperostosis.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the broken bone results from one or more of a traumatic fracture; a critical sized bone defect; distraction osteogenesis; spine fusion surgery; joint replacement; an orthopaedic implant; or a biopsy.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one CSA compound is a compound of Formula (I):


13. The method of claim 12, wherein R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl)aminoalkyl, unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyl carboxy; and R₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl amino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted amido, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, linking group attached to a second CSA compound, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl) aminoalkyl.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₅)alkyl, (C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₅) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₆) alkylamino-(C₁-C₅) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) aminoalkyl, unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkylcarboxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) aminoalkylcarboxamido, unsubstituted di(C₁-C₅ alkyl)amino-(C₁-C₅) alkyl, unsubstituted C-carboxy(C₁-C₁₈)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₅) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₆) guanidinoalkylcarboxy.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein R₁, R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₈, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₄, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are each hydrogen; and R₉ and R₁₃ are each methyl.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoalkyloxy and aminoalkylcarboxy; and R₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of alkylaminoalkyl; alkoxycarbonylalkyl; alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl; di(alkyl)aminoalkyl; C-carboxyalkyl; alkylaminoalkyl; alkyoxycarbonylalkyl; and alkylcarboxyalkyl.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein R₁₈ has the following structure: —R₂₀—(C═O)—N—R₂₁R₂₂ wherein, R₂₀ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and R₂₁ and R₂₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆ or C₁₀ aryl, 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 10 membered heterocyclyl, C₇-C₁₃ aralkyl, (5 to 10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₀ carbocyclyl, C₄-C₁₀ (carbocyclyl)alkyl, (5 to 10 membered heterocyclyl)-C₁-C₆ alkyl, amido, and amine protecting group, provided that at least one of R₂₁ and R₂₂ is not hydrogen.
 18. The method of claim 12, wherein R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are aminoalkyloxy.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein R₁₈ is alkylamidoalkyl.
 20. The method of claim 12, wherein R₁₈ is alkylaminocarbonylalkyl.
 21. The method of claim 12, wherein R₁₈ is di(alkyl)aminoalkyl.
 22. The method of claim 12, wherein R₁₈ is alkylcarboxyalkyl.
 23. The method of claim 12, wherein R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are aminoalkylcarboxy.
 24. The method of claim 12, wherein R₁₈ is alkylaminoalkyl.
 25. The method of claim 17, wherein R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of amino-C₃-alkyloxy; amino-C₃-alkyl-carboxy; C₈-alkylamino-C₅-alkyl; C₈-alkoxycarbonyl-C₄-alkyl; C₈-alkylcarbonyl-C₄-alkyl; di-(C₅-alkyl)amino-C₅-alkyl; C-carboxy-C₄-alkyl; C₁₃-alkylamino-C₅-alkyl; C₆-alkoxycarbonyl-C₄-alkyl; and C₆-alkylcarboxy-C₄-alkyl.
 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one CSA compound is selected from the group consisting of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride salt.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a tri-hydrochloride salt.
 29. A method of promoting osteogenesis in a subject in need of treatment for a bone disease or healing of a broken bone, comprising: identifying a subject in need of treatment for a bone disease or healing of a broken bone; and administering to the subject an amount ranging from about 0.1 μg/g to about 50 μg/g of body weight and/or an amount ranging from about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg of at least one cationic steroid antimicrobial (CSA) compound of Formula 1a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, oxo, linking group attached to a second CSA compound, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, substituted or unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl) aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) azidoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkylcarboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of an amino acid and P.G. is an amino protecting group, provided that at least two of R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoalkyloxy, aminoalkylcarboxy, alkylaminoalkyl, and di(alkyl)aminoalkyl; and R₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted amido, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, linking group attached to a second CSA compound, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, substituted or unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl) aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) azidoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC (Q₅)-C(O)—O, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkylcarboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of an amino acid and P.G. is an amino protecting group.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein Rig has the following structure: —R₂₀—(C═O)—N—R₂₁R₂₂ wherein, R₂₀ is omitted or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl; and R₂₁ and R₂₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl, provided that at least one of R₂₁ and R₂₂ is not hydrogen.
 31. A method of promoting osteogenesis in a subject in need of treatment for a bone disease or healing of a broken bone, comprising: identifying a subject in need of treatment for a bone disease or healing of a broken bone; and administering to the subject, by means of a pharmaceutically acceptable device, an effective amount of at least one cationic steroid antimicrobial (CSA) compound of Formula V, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable device or a coating applied to the pharmaceutically acceptable device includes about 0.1% to about 50% by weight of the at least one CSA compound:

wherein, rings A, B, C, and D are independently saturated; m, n, p, and q are independently 0 or 1; R₁, R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₆) alkyl; R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl amino, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, oxo, linking group attached to a second CSA compound, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, substituted or unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl) aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) azidoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkylcarboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of an amino acid and P.G. is an amino protecting group, provided that at least two of R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoalkyloxy, aminoalkylcarboxy, alkylaminoalkyl, and di(alkyl)aminoalkyl; and R₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) hydroxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted amido, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, linking group attached to a second CSA compound, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylaminocarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxamido, substituted or unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl) aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C-carboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O—, H₂N—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—N(H)—, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) azidoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) cyanoalkyloxy, P.G.-HN—HC(Q₅)-C(O)—O, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) guanidinoalkylcarboxy, where Q₅ is a side chain of an amino acid and P.G. is an amino protecting group.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein Rig has the following structure: —R₂₀—(C═O)—N—R₂₁R₂₂ wherein, R₂₀ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and R₂₁ and R₂₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆ or C₁₀ aryl, 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 10 membered heterocyclyl, C₇-C₁₃ aralkyl, (5 to 10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₀ carbocyclyl, C₄-C₁₀ (carbocyclyl)alkyl, (5 to 10 membered heterocyclyl)-C₁-C₆ alkyl, amido, and amine protecting group, provided that at least one of R₂₁ and R₂₂ is not hydrogen.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the at least one CSA compound is selected from the group consisting of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 34. A method of promoting osteogenesis in a subject in need of treatment for a bone disease or healing a broken bone, comprising: identifying a subject in need of treatment for a bone disease or healing a broken bone; and administering to the subject an effective amount of at least one cationic steroid antimicrobial (CSA) compound for promoting osteogenesis selected from the group consisting of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the effective amount of at least one CSA compound is in a range from about 0.1 μg/g to about 50 μg/g of body weight and/or in a range from about 0.001 mg to about 1000 at least one CSA compound.
 36. A method of promoting osteogenesis in a subject in need of treatment for a bone disease or healing a broken bone, comprising: identifying a subject in need of treatment for a bone disease or healing a broken bone; and administering to the subject at least one cationic steroid antimicrobial (CSA) compound of Formula Ia, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an effective amount (i) ranging from about 0.1 μg/g to about 50 μg/g of body weight, and/or (ii) ranging from about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg, and/or (iii) by means of a pharmaceutically acceptable device and/or a coating applied thereto thaty includes about 0.1% to about 50% by weight of the at least one CSA compound:

wherein, R₃, R₇, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) hydroxyalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) alkyloxy-(C₁-C₂₂) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₂₂) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) alkylamino-(C₁-C₂₂)alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) alkylamino-(C₁-C₂₂) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) alkylamino-(C₁-C₂₂) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) aminoalkyl, unsubstituted arylamino-(C₁-C₂₂) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) aminoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₂₂) alkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) aminoalkylcarboxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) aminoalkyl-aminocarbonyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) aminoalkylcarboxamido, unsubstituted di(C₁-C₂₂ alkyl)aminoalkyl, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) guanidinoalkyloxy, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) quaternary ammonium alkylcarboxy, and unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₂) guanidinoalkyl carboxy; and R₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylcarboxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) alkylamino-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted amido, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyl, linking group attached to a second CSA compound, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkyloxy-(C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₈) aminoalkylcarboxy (C₁-C₁₈) alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted di(C₁-C₁₈ alkyl) aminoalkyl.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein R₁₈ has the following structure: —R₂₀—(C═O)—N—R₂₁R₂₂ wherein, R₂₀ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and R₂₁ and R₂₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₆ or C₁₀ aryl, 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 10 membered heterocyclyl, C₇-C₁₃ aralkyl, (5 to 10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₀ carbocyclyl, C₄-C₁₀ (carbocyclyl)alkyl, (5 to 10 membered heterocyclyl)-C₁-C₆ alkyl, amido, and amine protecting group, provided that at least one of R₂₁ and R₂₂ is not hydrogen. 